Learn more about RAM ( Reliability, Availability and Maintainability) Analysis from ORS Industry Experts. SERVICES Reliability, Availability and Maintainability (RAM) Analysis Objective of RAM Analysis Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability (RAM) are system design attributes that can have a substantial impact on the lifecycle cost and performance of an engineered system. The purpose of RAM Analysis is to ensure high production performance while maintaining high safety and quality level in any given industrial operation. The objective of the RAM analysis is to provide decision support towards i.e.: Predicted production performance and project economics; Key production loss contributors; Maintenance strategy and spare part philosophy; Alternative technical or operational solutions (sensitivity studies); Main uncertainties related to production performance; Recommendations for improved production performance. Methodology for RAM Studies At its core, RAM studies entail representing a complex reality with a simplified model allowing for various types of analyses. Such a model can be used to predict performance and manage uncertainties. Results from the analyses should be used to give sound and unbiased decision support, as well as identify bottlenecks and main contributors to reduced performance and/or increased risk. 1.Establish Study Basis Identification of key assumptions and associated degrees of uncertainty is considered vital in order to effectively produce as realistic and accurate results as possible, and for giving input to sensitivity analyses that might be necessary to cater for uncertainties. The key assumptions will be documented in the RAM model study basis. Assumptions are typically categorized in technical, operational and analytical assumptions. Close cooperation with different disciplines in the project is necessary to ensure an understanding of the process and operation that results in a robust and realistic basis for the RAM model. Because of this, it is proposed to arrange for a work meeting or similar with relevant disciplines when establishing the RAM model study basis. 2.Required Input A good understanding of the system to be analyzed is important for the RAM analysis to obtain as accurate results as possible. Typical client input for RAM analyses include: System description; System schematics; P&IDs; Operational Philosophy. In addition to the above, one of the main premises for performing a successful RAM analysis is the use of appropriate reliability data. Application of data from literature and databases should always be thoroughly evaluated, to validate their relevance for the context in question. Reliability data sources include client experience data, OREDA and the PDS handbook. ORS has access to a wide range of reliability data sources. A Failure Mode, Effect and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) if available is also a good input for the RAM analysis, especially for complex systems to give an accurate basis for system modelling. 3.Establish RAM Model and Run Simulations The RAM model study basis is used to establish the RAM model, typically represented by reliability block diagrams (RBDs). The Monte Carlo method is normally used for the RAM model simulations to produce uncertainty ranges and confidence levels for the estimates. ORS uses the software Miriam RAM Studio for this purpose. 4.Analyze the Results The results from the simulation are analyzed and reported depending on the objective of the RAM study in the best way to create value to the client, ,with some examples shown below. Success rate probability distribution

FINISHED Why ICS/OT Cybersecurity Must Be Part of Industrial Risk Management WATCH REPLAY

Watch the replay of our webinar on Barrier Management - Aquaculture in Exposed Areas to learn expert tips and insights for enhancing safety and productivity in your aquaculture operations. Don't miss out on this valuable information - watch the replay now. Finished Barrier Management – Aquaculture in Exposed Areas Meet ORS Consulting and learn more about us, our services and take a dive into barrier management applied to aquaculture in exposed areas. In this lunch webinar Per Ståle Larsen from ORS Consulting will share lessons learned from risk and barrier management on fish farming concepts intended for operation in exposed areas WATCH REPLAY The webinar continues with a Q&A session held by Thomas Fylking and Morten Nilstad Pettersen to reply to all HAZOP-related questions.

Since 2009, ORS has specialized in advisory services for the oil and gas industry, building its reputation in the North Sea region and supporting the entire oil and gas/hydrocarbon value chain. SECTORS Oil and Gas Since 2009, ORS has been providing highly specialized advisory services to the oil and gas industry. The company has built its reputation based on the offshore oil and gas industry in the North Sea region. Today, ORS supports the entire oil and gas / hydrocarbon value chain covering upstream- midstream and downstream areas. Some examples of project engagements Client: State-owned operator of European gas distribution pipeline systems, Norway Project: Production Assurance and RAM Analysis to secure high uptime availability for European gas supply Client: Leading Offshore Drilling Contractor, United States Project: System Reliability and FMECA Assessments for electrical and control systems in subsea Blowout Preventor (BOP) Client: Multinational Energy Company, United Kingdom, and Singapore Project: Process Safety, HAZOP and LOPA, SIL Verification and Safety Requirements Specification (SRS) for the basic- and detailed design of a new offshore field development project. Client: Offshore Oil and Gas Company, Israel Project: Fire and Gas Mapping and Validation Assessments for offshore oil platform in Israel Client: Offshore Oil and Gas Operator, Norway Project: Flare and Blowdown Studies for Norwegian Floating Production, Storage and Offloading (FPSO) Unit Client: Leading LNG FSRU (Floating Storage, Regasification Unit) operator, Norway Project: Multiple projects with process studies, simulations, and process safety support for FSRUs deployed around the world Client: Multinational Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) Company, Norway, and United Kingdom Project: Provision of technical safety, functional safety, process safety, Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) and RAM services for greenfield development projects Client: European Engineering and Technology Supplier, Finland Project: Provision of extensive support for technical safety, functional safety, process safety and process studies for LNG projects in Europe Client: US-based LNG Operator company, USA Project: Electrical HAZOP for the new LNG Liquefaction Plant in Louisiana, USA Client: Global Subsea Technology and Engineering Companies Project: Provision of risk assessments, SIL and technical safety support to >50 subsea development projects around the world available commercial tools: PHAST PHA-PRO Miriam RAM Bow-tie XP Aspen HYSYS Flaresim Symmetry Process Simulation CARA Fault Tree Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tools are widely used at ORS for assessing the consequences of hazardous events such as fire, explosion and toxic dispersion, as part of Quantitative Risk Assessments (QRA) or standalone CFD studies. available NON-commercial tools: Onshore QRA Software for Risk Integration (ISO curves / F-N curves) Offshore QRA Software Consequence Modelling Hazardous Area Classification (ORS-HAC) Thermodynamic/Process Studies ORS also has access to an extensive in-house data collection in addition to subscriptions to recognized national/international data sources. Find Out How We Can Work Together CONTACT US

SERVICES Physical Security Up Anchor 1 Physical security is an essential pillar of any risk management framework. In a world where threats to infrastructure, facilities and people can range from theft and vandalism to sabotage and hostile actors, a proactive and well-designed physical security approach ensures your organisation is prepared, resilient and protected. The framework should factor in that the physical security landscape is dynamic. Threats evolve, assets change and environments shift, necessitating periodic review, adaptation and adjustments. At ORS Consulting we help organisations embed robust physical security measures into their broader safety and risk framework, creating integrated protections that deter threats, improve detection, enhance response readiness and support business continuity. We tailor our services to your unique risk profile and compliance framework and focus on enabling informed decisions on security measures that protect people, assets and critical functions, without introducing unnecessary complexity or operational burden. Related Studies & Assessments PHYSICAL SECURITY RISK ASSESSMENT A risk-based assessment identifying credible threats, vulnerabilities and consequences affecting people, assets and operations. The study establishes a clear risk picture and supports decision-making on proportionate and effective physical security measures. SECURITY CONcEPT & DESIGN STUDY Development or review of the overall physical security concept, including zoning, access control, perimeter protection, surveillance and detection. The study ensures security measures are integrated with facility layout, operational needs and risk acceptance criteria. PHYSICAL SECURITY GAP ANALYSIS & AUDIT A review of existing physical security arrangements against regulatory requirements, recognised principles and company standards. Identifies gaps, improvement areas and prioritised actions to strengthen the organisation’s security posture. Critical Asset Identification & Protection Study Identification and classification of critical assets and functions, with assessment of required protection levels to prevent unacceptable consequences. Often used as a foundation for security strategy, investment prioritisation and resilience planning. Security Organisation & Preparedness Review Assessment of roles, responsibilities, procedures and competence related to physical security and incident response. The study supports targeted training, exercises and organisational measures to ensure security works in practice. Find Out How We Can Work Together CONTACT US Latest Insights Process QRA vs. Explosives QRA: Understanding the Key Difference Understanding DSEAR and ATEX: Managing Fire and Explosion Risks Using QRA to assess risk from Simultaneous Operations (SIMOPS) MORE INSIGHTS

Watch the replay of this engaging webinar where two of our HAZOP facilitators, Rikard Davidsen and Morten Nilstad Pettersen, share insights on how to shine as a HAZOP participant and give examples of pitfalls to avoid. Finished Essentials for confident and effective HAZOP participation WATCH REPLAY The intention of a HAZOP is to evaluate a design or an activity with the primary objective of identifying potential hazardous events and assessing the safeguards in place to prevent and mitigate these events. The outcome of a HAZOP can prevent accidents from occurring - and a bad HAZOP can fail to identify design flaws and hidden hazards. Its success depends solely on the contributions of the participants involved. Watch the replay of this engaging webinar where two of our HAZOP facilitators, Rikard Davidsen and Morten Nilstad Pettersen, share insights on how to shine as a HAZOP participant and give examples of pitfalls to avoid.

Stay ahead with our webinar replay on Functional Safety Assessment - Operations: Waste of Time or Value Creation? Learn expert tips and insights to assess functional safety and create value in your operations. Watch now. Finished Functional Safety Assessment- Operations: waste of time or value creation? How can your company get a greater value from conducting FSA Stage 4? What should you keep in mind for a smooth execution? What are the pitfalls to avoid? How do you avoid theoretical debates with no value creation? Join the webinar and learn more about our to-the-point approach for FSA Stage 4. WATCH REPLAY Functional Safety Assessments (FSA) typically include an in-depth assessment of all the activities, work processes, and documentation covering the applicable SIS Safety Lifecycles. In addition to extensive documentation review, interviews and site surveys are also usually a part of FSAs. Depending on how it is executed and by whom, FSAs can be a very theoretical, and time-consuming exercise or a value-adding, to-the-point assurance activity. It can cause a significant impact on the asset owner since the asset owner needs to demonstrate evidence that the IEC61508 & IEC 61511 requirements are fulfilled. Over the years, ORS has accumulated significant experience based on the performance of FSAs for early design-, detailed design-, commissioning & construction as well as operational phases of complex- and safety-critical assets. How can your company get a greater value from conducting FSA Stage 4? What should you keep in mind for smooth execution? What are the pitfalls to avoid? How do you avoid theoretical debates with no value creation? Join the webinar and learn more about our to-the-point approach for FSA Stage 4. Moderator: Per Ståle Larsen Speakers: Morten Nilstad Pettersen and Baris Arslan An access link to the webinar will be provided by email after sign-up.

SERVICES WORKING envIronment AND HUMAN FACTORS Up Anchor 1 Working Environment and Human Factors management is committed to establishing and overseeing conditions that promote health, comfort, and operational efficiency for all personnel throughout the entire facility lifecycle. This includes careful consideration of layout and design to ensure a safe and optimal functionality that comply with laws and regulations. This field is integral to every stage of a project, including the Concept phase, Front-End Engineering Design (FEED), and final execution. At its core, the technical working environment places the wellbeing of individuals at the forefront. It ensures that, during both operation and maintenance, workers’ tasks are fully considered in the final design. By adopting this approach, risks are not only identified but also managed proactively, safeguarding those working within the facility. Typically, depending on project scope, these factors are covered: Ergonomics (arrangement/layout/access), Human Factors Chemical substances Noise & vibration Biological agents Illumination Indoor climate Outdoor operations Radiation Psychosocial & organisational conditions Visual display units Job hazard Working Environment Advisory throughout the project lifecycle or asset operation to ensure that design solutions promote a safe and healthy workplace, minimise exposure to harmful factors (e.g., noise, vibration, chemicals, ergonomics), and comply with standards and regulatory requirements. Risk-Based Workshops for identifying working environment hazards in a collaborative, multi-disciplinary setting such as Working Environment Health Risk Assessment (WEHRA) and Chemical Health Risk assessment (CHRA), enabling early integration of human factors and ergonomics into design decisions. Performing Working Environment Analyses and Inspections to establish the risk profile by assessing exposure to physical, chemical, and psychosocial factors, benchmarking against acceptance criteria, and recommending mitigation measures Working Environment AND HUMAN FACTORS risk related studies and typical deliveries WORKING ENVIRONMENT PROGRAM The Working Environment Programme is a structured plan to manage health and working environment risks throughout all project phases. It outlines objectives, activities, responsibilities, and documentation to ensure compliance with regulatory requirements and integration into the project’s HSE framework. The programme promotes interdisciplinary collaboration and systematic risk assessments, such as WEHRA, CHRA, and WEAL, to secure safe and healthy working conditions. WORKING ENVIRONMENT AREA LIMITS (WEAL) WEAL defines the maximum permissible exposure levels for working environment factors such as noise, vibration, lighting, and climate (air changes and temperature) in different areas of a facility. These levels are typically framed in concept- and study phase. It provides clear acceptance criteria to ensure that design and operational conditions protect personnel health and comply with regulatory requirements. WORKING ENVIRONMENT AREA CHARTS (WEAC) WEAC is a documentation tool in the form of a document containing charts for each room and each area on the facility. Areas that have the same working environment conditions may be represented by a single, typical WEAC. This chart provides an overview of the working environment requirements applicable to the specific area or room, covering factors such as noise, vibration, lighting, radiation, and climate (including air changes and temperature). It directly relates to WEAL (Working Environment Area Limits) by ensuring that each classified area complies with the defined acceptance criteria and exposure limits set by WEAL in the study phase. Opposed to the WEAL, the WEACs will include predicted values and as-built measurements. Additionally, any non-conformities in the specific area. The WEACS are intended to be regarded as live information during all phases of the project. WEACS are typically initiated in FEED phase and are updated through execution phase and finally completed with as-built measurements. This ensures that once an area is categorised, its design and operation can be verified against the correct acceptance criteria, creating a clear link between classification and compliance. WORKING ENVIRONMENT HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT (WEHRA) WEHRA is a structured assessment used to identify, evaluate, and manage potential health and working environment risks which are introduced to a facility and its personnel. This assessment is conducted in all project phases and includes the important end-users. It focuses on major hazards such as ergonomics/Human Factors, chemical substances, noise, vibration, biological agents, illumination, climate, radiation, psychosocial, and recommends mitigation measures based on a hierarchy: eliminate or substitute hazards first, then apply technical and organisational controls, and use personal protective equipment as a last resort. CHEMICAL HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT (CHRA) A Chemical Health Risk Assessment (CHRA) is conducted to identify, evaluate, and control chemical health risks to an acceptable level across all activities involving exposure to hazardous chemicals. This assessment ensures that risks are systematically identified, assessed, and managed in a proactive manner throughout operations. Typically, a CHRA is implemented in several phases during a project. Early identification enables organizations to address hazards and risks introduced by new chemicals, such as those associated with new equipment, thereby facilitating the creation of effective, safe, and healthy workplaces, and minimizing the need for modifications during subsequent operations. The CHRA process takes the form of a structured workshop involving experts such as occupational hygienists, who provide specialized knowledge and insights to enhance the identification and management of chemical health risks. 3D-model of working environment design 3D-model verification of working environment design should be carried out regularly throughout the design development process. During these reviews, the project team uses 3D models to assess whether the design meets working environment requirements related to for example layout and access, and to recommend modifications where necessary. This approach enables early identification of risks and opportunities for improvement, ensuring that layouts support safe and efficient operations. All findings are documented for follow-up and to drive continuous improvement of the working environment. OUTDOOR RISK ASSESSMENT An outdoor risk assessment evaluates hazards for tasks performed outside on the facility, considering factors like weather, exposure time, and frequency. Each activity is scored to determine its overall risk level and prioritise mitigation measures. This ensures compliance with safety standards and reduces risks from environmental conditions. HSE-Checklist equipment packages, new areas and physical inspections The HSE checklist in NORSOK S-002 is designed to ensure that suppliers and contractors systematically address working environment requirements during design, procurement, and delivery. This checklist ensures all critical HSE aspects, ergonomics, noise, chemicals, and layout, are addressed before equipment is accepted, reducing risk and ensuring compliance. The checklist is also used for inspection of new areas on a facility or during physical inspection of new equipment. Working Environment Status Report The objective of the Working Environment Status Report is to give a summary of the various working environment activities that have been undertaken during the execution phase. The report shall reference working environment analysis and reports conducted in the project phase. Find Out How We Can Work Together CONTACT US Latest Insights Process QRA vs. Explosives QRA: Understanding the Key Difference Understanding DSEAR and ATEX: Managing Fire and Explosion Risks Using QRA to assess risk from Simultaneous Operations (SIMOPS) MORE INSIGHTS

ORS expert Dr. Esteban Bernechea talks about using Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) to perform determination of Safety Integrity Level (SIL) for complex scenarios which may require a more complex modelling that allowed by other techniques such as LOPA or RiskGraph. Finished Using Fault Tree Analysis for SIL determination ORS expert Dr. Esteban Bernechea talks about using Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) to perform determination of Safety Integrity Level (SIL) for complex scenarios which may require a more complex modelling that allowed by other techniques such as LOPA or RiskGraph. WATCH REPLAY

Connect with our expert team for technical safety and risk management services at ORS Consulting. Visit our Contacts page to get in touch and learn more. ORS CONSULTING CONTACTS STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN Isabella Bergström | Department Manager +46 73 404 18 72 ibe@ors-consulting.com Gävlegatan 12B, 113 30 Stockholm, Sweden COMPANY REG NO. 559330-0949 ABERDEEN, UNITED KINGDOM Neill Renton | Country Manager T: +44 (0)1224-042882 M: +44 (0)7388-948667 nre@ors-consulting.com Louis C. Findlay | Department Manager lcf@ors-consulting.com Citibase Aberdeen Hill of Rubislaw, AB15 6BL Aberdeen, United Kingdom Registered in Scotland: SC541316 STAVANGER, NORWAY Rikard Davidsen | Department Manager +47 91 71 01 99 rda@ors-consulting.com Jåttåvågveien 7 4020 Stavanger, Norway COMPANY REG NO. 911738414 MALMÖ, SWEDEN Katarina Linde | Country Manager +46 73 62 53 705 kal@ors-consulting.com Södergatan 14, 211 34 Malmö, Sweden COMPANY REG NO. 559330-0949 GLASGOW, UNITED KINGDOM Alessandro Capaldi | Department Manager T: +44 (0)1412-225930 aca@ors-consulting.com 126 West Regent Street, Glasgow G2 2RQ LONDON, UNITED KINGDOM Sam Richardson | Department Manager T: +44 (0) 7989 977 439 sar@ors-consulting.com 201 Borough High St, London SE1 1JA ESBJERG, DENMARK Matias Wulff | Country Manager +45 93 96 31 48 mpw@ors-consulting.com Borgergade 66 ST TH, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark COMPANY REG NO. 41765690 IZMIR, TÜRKIYE Gülay Başova | Country Manager +90 537 337 72 12 +47 46 82 56 32 gba@ors-consulting.com Halkapinar Mah. 1203/11 Sk. No: 5 -7 Ic Kapi No: 152 Megapol Carsi Kule Plaza Konak/ Izmir UTRECHT, NETHERLANDS Onur Ipek | Country Manager +31 6 15 83 11 26 oni@ors-consulting.com St. Jacobsstraat 123, 3511BP Utrecht Netherlands OSLO, NORWAY Morten Pettersen | Managing Director (General Inquiries) +47 97 73 17 80 mnp@ors-consulting.com Per Ståle Larsen | Country Manager +47 990 28 688 psl@ors-consulting.com Lilleakerveien 4A, 0283 Oslo, Norway COMPANY REG NO. 911738414 Contact Us We are here to assist you. Please feel free to contact us with any questions, comments, or inquiries you may have. We value your feedback and look forward to hearing from you. Connect directly with our offices representatives: Norway Sweden Denmark United Kingdom Türkiye Netherlands First name* Last name Email* Company Role Write a message I agree to ORS Consulting Privacy Policy * Submit

Stay ahead with ORS Consulting's events. Discover upcoming webinars and workshops on technical safety and risk management. Visit our Events page to learn more. ORS CONSULTING webinars Below you can find information and recordings from previous webinars held by ORS Consulting. To widen your knowledge about technical risk, process safety, and risk management please also see our insights page , full of articles covering many topics. SEVESO-DIREKTIVET: UPPFYLL KRAVEN MED RÄTT RISKANALYS FÄRDIG 6 May 2025 at 14:00:00 TITTA PÅ REPRIS Why ICS/OT Cybersecurity Must Be Part of Industrial Risk Management FINISHED 27 March 2025 at 11:00:00 WATCH REPLAY Introduction to RAM studies - how can it add value? Finished 12 December 2024 at 14:00:00 WATCH REPLAY Flare System Dynamic Modelling - Approaches & Values Finished 24 September 2024 at 12:00:00 WATCH REPLAY Using Fault Tree Analysis for SIL determination Finished 5 June 2024 at 11:00:00 WATCH REPLAY Introduction to Barrier and SECE Management Finished 7 March 2024 at 12:00:00 WATCH REPLAY Essentials for confident and effective HAZOP participation Finished 29 September 2023 at 11:00:00 WATCH REPLAY The Difference Between Process Safety Time and SIF Response Time Finished 15 June 2023 at 11:00:00 WATCH REPLAY FMEA, FMECA AND FMEDA: Understanding the key differences Finished 14 April 2023 at 11:00:00 WATCH REPLAY Safety Integrity Level. What is SIL and when it is required Finished 2 March 2023 at 11:00:00 WATCH REPLAY Functional Safety Assessment- Operations: waste of time or value creation? Finished 1 April 2022 at 10:00:00 WATCH REPLAY 5 essentials for understanding process HAZOPs Finished 28 May 2021 at 10:00:00 WATCH REPLAY

In January 2024, ORS Consulting expanded its presence beyond Western Europe, establishing a dynamic new hub in Türkiye. We are committed to developing top-tier risk and safety advisory, supporting our clients in Western Europe, and adding value to high-priority clients in Türkiye and the region. LOCATIONS ORS CONSULTING IN TÜRKIYE Bridging Between Europe and the East In January 2024, ORS Consulting expanded its presence beyond Western Europe, establishing a dynamic new hub in Türkiye. Türkiye's growing industry, booming economy, and vibrant young talent make it an attractive location for our continued global growth. With its strategic position as a gateway to Central Asia and the Middle East, Türkiye offers unparalleled opportunities for collaboration and innovation. At ORS Consulting Türkiye, we are committed to developing top-tier risk and safety advisory, supporting our clients in Western Europe, and adding value to high-priority clients in Türkiye and the region. Our top-quality services include: Supporting both operators and engineering companies with integrated advisory for major field developments Assisting new industrial establishments with implementing a risk management framework according to governing regulations Conducting numerous risk analyses, including process-related reviews (e.g. HAZOPs), up-time/availability, RAM studies, barrier management activities, SIL/Functional safety studies and consequence modelling Gulay Basova Country Manager, ORS TÜRKIYE IZMIR, TÜRKIYE Gülay Başova +905373377212 +4746825632 gba@ors-consulting.com HALKAPINAR MAH. 1203/11 SK. NO: 5 -7 İÇ KAPI NO: 152 Megapol Carsi Kule Plaza KONAK/ İZMİR FIND OUT HOW WE CAN WORK TOGETHER CONTACT US